Mariner 9

When Mariner 9 entered orbit around Mars 50 years ago today, the view was awful. A dust storm blanketed the entire planet. About all that Mariner’s cameras could see were yellow clouds of dust and a few tall mountains rising above them.
By a couple of months later, though, the dust had settled, and the first spacecraft to orbit any planet other than Earth got busy. By the end of 1972, it had snapped more than 7,000 pictures of the Red Planet. They showed giant volcanoes, polar ice caps, and other wonders. They made Mariner one of the most successful space missions in history.
Earlier missions had simply flown by Mars. They’d seen only a fraction of the planet — relatively boring regions that revealed little about Mars’s true character.
Mariner 9 went far beyond that, however. It photographed almost the entire planet. It found that Mars is a dynamic world with lots to study. It showed us channels that once carried mighty rivers, suggesting that Mars was much more comfortable in the dist