2 Africana Oral and Written Traditions - Stories, instructions, and histories (of families, communities, and nations) were told and written in African for millennia. The scribal tradition of Nile Valley Civilizations dates as far back as 5000 to 6000 years before the common era (B.C.E.). These traditions migrated from East Africa to Central, South, and West African--and then beyond the continent. What we, in Africana Studies, understand as power in the spoken and written word is African and ancient. Lock into Difficult Discussions every week at www.theblackroseofdurhamradio.com